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2.MD.1  Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools such as rulers, yardsticks, meter sticks, and measuring tapes. Differentiation: For gifted students, have them write out the addition sentence for each problem.

4.NBT.5 Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one digit whole number, and multiply two two digit numbers, using strategies based on place value and the properties of operations. Differentiation: For gifted students, and students of differing levels, the teacher could put out flashcards with multiplication factors 2-12 or create flashcards with even higher number, allowing students to do more challenging multiplication

These could also be used again later in the year when using rulers to discuss how different types of measuring sticks changes the length or width of an object

If students struggle to get this activity there are two more to try to attempt to get them to understand how rocks break down. Not a whole lot else you can do with this activity to differentiate that I can think of, feel free to post any ideas

You could have English Language Learners work in small groups with native English speakers; students often feel more comfortable with contributing comments and asking questions in small groups.

You could address other multiple intelligences by asking students to draw the results of their experiments. There are several variations already included on the site.

Have students describe the create their own fossil. Have students who create their fossil to provide a story about they fossil. If students struggle with writing have them present something orally to give them another option if they struggle in their writing. 

I have a fossilized imprint of one of my son's hands that he made in school. It makes a nice keepsake while also teaching about fossils.

Students ask questions about a variety of living things and everyday events that can be answered through shared observations.SC.K.4.1 2000Give examples of plants and animals.SC.K.4.2 2000Observe plants and animals, describing how they are alike and how they are different in the way they look and in the things they do.

SC.1.1.2 2000Investigate and make observations to seek answers to questions about the world, such as "In what ways do animals move?"

When doing an assessment vary questions asked to help them remain successful. Most students should have no problems assembling the sandwich. If the noise does not agree with a student, consider making another instrument, like a drum to keep them involved. 

For a an extension to this activity students could drop the ball from three predetermined heights, record the height of the first bounce, and then predict the height of the first bounce for a fourth starting height.

Students can get excited about using some simple measurement techniques to accomplish something big.  Working in heterogeneous ability groups would help students whose math ability is lower contribute without feeling inadequate.